It is generally thought that following seroconversion, the level of anti-CAEV antibodies rises to a peak then declining to a lower but stable level 11. Seroconversion may then occur weeks to months after the time of infection. Goats produce anti-CAEV antibodies after CAEV infection. Intermittent seroconversion of CAEV antibodies Besides affecting production efficiency, the sanitary and economic impacts of CAEV infection are associated with interference in the international movement of goats and their germplasm due to sanitary restrictions imposed by countries that have regular control programs. In addition, there is a potential risk of viral dissemination through CAEV-infected semen 10. Relatedly, the milk contents produced by CAEV-infected does have been found to be significantly different from the milk contents of non-infected does 9. The international trade and movement of live goats and their germplasm play a major role in CAEV dissemination among large geographical regions 8, while severe economic losses caused by CAEV infection are observed in particular in the context of intense goat husbandry, with decreases of about 10%-15% of milk yield in infected does being reported 8. The viral transcripts are only produced when the cells mature into macrophages 7. CAEV is mainly monocyte-tropic and macrophage-tropic, while the expression of the viral genome depends on the maturation state of the cells. Among adult animals, meanwhile, a CAEV infection may cause chronic polyarthritis and interstitial mastitis after prolonged virus incubation 6. The disease manifestations in kid are normally CNS disease such as acute interstitial pneumonia, or leukoencephalomyelitis in kids 5. The infection of host cells involved in the immune system carries the virus throughout the body and into multiple organs, causing chronic inflammatory diseases. Although most infected goats remain asymptomatic, the carriers continuously shed the virus into their environments, leading to more infections of naive goats. All breeds and ages are susceptible to the virus, and once an infection occurs, it persists throughout the carrier's lifetime. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the major transmission routes of the virus are through the ingestion of colostrum in milk from virus-infected adult goats by kids 3, iatrogenic transmission, and lateral transmission through long-term close contact with infected goats 4. The virus is able to infect goats and occasionally sheep and other related ruminants 2. Here, we review some of the most recent developments in diagnostic methods and their use in both laboratory and field diagnosis.Ĭaprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) is one of the small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), viruses that belong to the genus Lentivirus of the family Retrovirdae 1. The delayed seroconversion or intermittent antibodies and the genetic heterogeneity of regional virus strains affect the effectiveness of diagnosis by the serological and molecular methods, respectively. The use of Western blot is still considered a “gold standard” in CAEV serology. At present, the diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection is usually obtained through serological testing or molecular techniques, while the serological agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing focus on the detection of CAEV antibodies, the PCR and isothermal amplification methods directly detect the proviral sequence of CAEV. 6, Chiang, Hualien 97362, Taiwan.Ĭaprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE) is an economically important viral disease that causes chronic inflammatory disease in goats. 3, Keelung Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan.ģHualein Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No. 207-5, Bi-tou-mian, Wu-hoo village, Si-hoo Township, Miao-li County 36848, Taiwan.ĢDepartment of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. Po-An Tu 1, 2, Jen-Wen Shiau 1, Fang-Yu Lai 2, Shen-Shyuan Yang 3, and Pei-Hwa Wang 2*ġHsinchu Branch, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, No. Diagnostic tests for caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection
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